June is Prostate Cancer Awareness month, which aims to raise awareness of this common cancer that affects men. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide, with over 1.4 million new cases diagnosed in 2020 (1). Early diagnosis and treatment are vital for the best outcomes, so it's essential to know the signs and symptoms of prostate cancer, how it's diagnosed, and the available treatments.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer often develops slowly and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. However, as the cancer grows, it can cause a range of symptoms that may include:
- Difficulty urinating or a weak urine stream
- Frequent urination, particularly at night
- Blood in the urine or semen
- Pain or discomfort during ejaculation
- Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area, lower back, or thighs
These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. However, if you experience any of these symptoms, it's essential to see a doctor for an evaluation.
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
A doctor may suspect prostate cancer based on your symptoms or as part of a routine check-up. To confirm the diagnosis, they may perform several tests, including:
- Digital rectal exam (DRE): The doctor will insert a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland for any lumps or abnormalities.
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: This blood test measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland. Higher levels of PSA can indicate the presence of prostate cancer or other prostate conditions.
- Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is taken using a needle and examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
If prostate cancer is diagnosed, the doctor will assign a stage to the cancer to help determine the best treatment options.
Treatment of Prostate Cancer
The treatment of prostate cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and your preferences. Options may include:
- Active surveillance: If the cancer is low-risk and not causing symptoms, the doctor may recommend monitoring it closely with regular check-ups.
- Surgery: The prostate gland may be surgically removed (radical prostatectomy) to remove the cancer. This can be done using traditional open surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic or robotic surgery.
- Radiation therapy: High-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells. This can be delivered externally (external beam radiation therapy) or internally (brachytherapy).
- Hormone therapy: Hormones that help prostate cancer grow are blocked or reduced to slow the growth of the cancer. This can be done with medication or by removing the testicles (orchidectomy).
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill cancer cells that have spread beyond the prostate gland.
The choice of treatment will depend on several factors, including the stage of the cancer, the patient's age and overall health, and the potential side effects of the treatment.
Prostate cancer is a common cancer that affects men, but early diagnosis and treatment can lead to good outcomes. Being aware of the symptoms and getting regular check-ups can help detect prostate cancer early. If you experience any symptoms or have concerns about prostate cancer, be sure to consult with your doctor.
References:
1. Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., & Jemal, A. (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68(6), 394-424.
2. American Cancer Society. (2021). Prostate cancer. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer.html
3. National Cancer Institute. (2021). Prostate cancer treatment (PDQ) - health professional version. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq
